Sakrobotix

      Special function registers are upper  RAM memory in the 8051 microcontrollers . These registers contain all peripheral related registers like P0, P1, P2, P3, timers or counters, serial port and interrupts-related registers. The SFR memory address starts from 80h to FFh. The SFR register is implemented by bit-address registers and byte-address registers.                               The accumulator and B registers and port registers all are bit addressable register remaining all are bye addressable registers. Accumulator:     The accumulator which is also known as ACC or A is a bit as well as a byte-addressable register by an address of the accumulator. If you want to use a bit-addressable register, you can use a single bit (E0) of the register and you can use an 8-bit of the accumulator as a byte-addressable register. The accumulator holds the results of most Arit...

      Well come to today's podcast, yesterday we have known about general purpose registers, banks and stuff about that. So, data transfer from general purpose registers to general purpose registers is impossible, for that we should need another one that is Program Status word.   Program status word:     Program status word is a byte addressable register. It is also referred as a flag register.  This register reflects the status of the operation that is carried out in the controller. Although the PSW register is 8 bits wide, only  6  bits of it are used by the 8051. The two unused bits are user-definable flags.    Four of the flags are called conditional flags,   meaning that they indicate some conditions that result from an instruction is executed. These four are  CY (carry), AC (auxiliary carry), P (parity), and OV (overflow) . As seen from below figure, the bits PSW.3 and PSW.4 are designated as  R...

Well, in yesterday's podcast discussed on registers in 8051, two types of a register, general purpose registers are today's article all about. The general purpose registers are called as RAM memory in 8051. It has 128 bytes of memory for this general purpose registers. These general purpose registers are divided into 3 areas, those are  Banks. Bit addressable areas. scratchpad areas.                                     Let we discuss clearly, Banks    In this bank, 4 types of banks are there like  bank 0 bank 1 bank 2 bank 3 In each bank has 8 registers those are R0 to R7. All these general purpose registers are byte addressable registers. An image is shown in below for better understanding,                                     ...

Obviously, registers are the keen role in microcontroller process. Why we use these register because it provides a fast way to collect and store a data. Why registers?    Using microcontroller needs to perform one action whatever it may be that is called as microcontroller process. For instance, I have given one operation to the controller that can't do in the memory. it's a needs a register to manipulate the data, perform the task, process and store. that is register. A register to say simply, it has a small place in CPU, that can store a small amount of data to perform various operations such as a multiplication, subtraction, addition and division etc. For instance, we have already a memory why we use these are used for store what it stores.? because it stores the address of the memory location. for every data, we have some memory location that is going to store in the register. In 8051 family microcontroller RAM have 256 bytes of memory. According...

     Obviously, each and every component pin description and connection is very important to come to the hardware execution. Today's podcast about microcontroller pin description. Most probably, the most emerging microcontroller chip is Atmel manufactured microcontrollers, too many microcontrollers are there. We will talk about 8051 family microcontroller.  In this 8051 family microcontroller, vivid microcontroller types, in that most using one  AT89S52 MC. A glimpse of pins of AT89S52 below,  Total in this DIP microcontroller type AT89S52 40 pins. 4 I/P ports, each port contain 8 pins, so total 32 input and output pins. left with 8 pins.  Pin Diagram:   I thought you got a clear idea about the pin diagram, I will a perfect usage of each pin. Pin Description: Pins 1 to 8  − These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve any other functions. It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O por...

    Today's podcast is finest one and of course, this is playing a very keen role in this present technology. Probably, that is robotics. So, the topic is Microcontroller, this is like a brain for the robots. What is Microcontroller?     A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated chip, its dedicated to performing one operation. A microcontroller contains  A microcontroller contains one or more  CPUs  (processor cores) along with  memory  and programmable  input/output  peripherals. Program memory in the form of  ferroelectric RAM ,  NOR flash  or  OTP ROM  is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of  RAM .     Microcontrollers are designed for  embedded  applications, in contrast to the  microprocessors  used in  personal computers  or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. ...

Well,  In these days mostly everywhere keep listening to this word popularly, that is a robot. How the robot will work and how the robot will sense it's surroundings, how the robot supposes to detect an object. For all these questions might be clear in this podcast.     Today's podcast we will discuss on an ultrasonic sensor, what it is, what is the usage in robot and working. What is Ultrasonic Sensor:    An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device. The name showing itself meaning this sensor will measure the distances of an object based on the ultrasonic or sound waves. Pin Description: Pin 1: VCC   The Vcc pin powers the sensor, typically with +5v. Pin 2: Trigger   The trigger pin is an input pin. This pin has to be kept high for 10us to initialize measurement by sending US waves. Pin 3:  Echo   Echo pin is an output pin. This pin goes for a period of time which will be equal to the time taken for th...

Well, Today's article all about the thermistor, obviously, it's not a new word but often all are called as the temperature sensor.    Now a days, using this sensor getting very common, that means that much of familiar and powerful one. The thermistor is a word collection of Thermal and resistor.    What is thermistor:   A thermistor is a non-linear resistor and it's a variable resistor too. It is an element with an electrical resistance that changes significantly in the response to temperature.  According to the working of a thermistor bifurcated into two types, those are quietly opposite fundamental types 1. NTC type 2. PTC type 1.  NTC TYPE:     NTC shorted from Negative Temperature coefficient. In this when the temperature is increased then resistances of a thermistor is decreased. This is formally known as a temperature sensor.     The  NTC type  is used when a...

     An LDR shorted from Light Dependent Resistor or photoresistor or Photo Sensor. Which is a passive electronic component, basically,  LDR is made of a high resistance semiconductor that absorbs photons that are based on the quantity and frequency of absorbed photons. How LDR works:   The LDR is made of high resistance, the resistance is very high in the darkness it's almost 1M ohm. But light falls on LDR, probably the resistance is falling down rapidly to the 5-10k ohm.  The LDR comes with the vivid symbols of LDR given below,  Above diagram showing the symbol for the LDR. Next, we discuss characteristics of LDR.   Characteristics of LDR:  LDRs are a passive element. Light-dependent resistor, name showing meaning itself like the resistance depends on the light falls on the LDR.  The resistance is very high in the darkness, this also called for a dark resistance like 10M ohms, if the device is allowed to...

       In the last article covered IR sensor definition, principle and working. In today's podcast let's discussing types of IR sensors.     If the component has types, it may differ according to the vivid aspects. So, similarly, here IR sensor has two types of aspects. Those are According to the function of IR sensor has two types, those are 1. Thermal Infrared Sensor. 2. Quantum Infrared Sensor. If going through the working mechanism, again it has two types, those are 1. Active Infrared Sensor. 2. Passive Infrared Sensor. Let's discuss deeply these sensor types. 1. Active Infrared Sensor:      Active infrared sensors are the types of infrared sensor. The IR is emitted by an IR  light emitting diode and received by a photodiode or phototransistor cells. While in the process of detection (emission and receiving), the radiation is may be changed. This leads to varies the radiation in the receiver. This is used t...

Well, the sensor is the most basic and important element in electronics. Today, we will discuss sensors in this podcast.  What is sensor:  A sensor is an electromechanical device. It senses it's surroundings in terms of a physical parameter or mechanical energy and converts into electrical energy.  A vivid number of sensors are available in the market. IR sensor is the most emerging sensor to measure the distance. IR sensor: An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion. Principle of Working: An IR sensor consists of two parts, the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit. This is collectively known as a photo-coupler or an optocoupler. The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR photodiode. The...